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Zuma is a village and burial ground about downstream from Jebel Barkal in what is now Sudan. It lies about south of El-Kurru, in the Napatan Region, on the right side of the Nile. The cemetery was visited several times by researchers in the last two hundred years, but there were only brief descriptions written, and no excavations. A plan was drawn up during the expedition of Karl Richard Lepsius. UNESCO inscribed Zuma's 20 hectares as a world cultural heritage site in 2003.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region )〕 Modern, systematic excavations began in December 2004 by a Polish-Sudanese team. On the surface, 29 grave mounds are seen. Three grave types are distinguished, mainly based on the grave mound. Type I consists of hills, which are completely covered with stones. The grave mounds have a diameter of and were high. The hills of type II have a diameter of . They are built of sand and loose stones. A stone ring that goes around the hill keeps them together. The underground burial shaft is M-shaped (when viewed from above) and has two chambers, one for the funeral and the other for the grave goods. The hills of type III are flat and less than high. They have a diameter of and only a single grave chamber. All grave chambers were robbed. However, they showed evidence of having contained pottery, beads, metal fragments and animal bones. Ceramics found in the graves dated late 5th and early 6th centuries. ==References== * El-Tayeb, Mahmoud: "Early Maukrua Research Project, Excavations at El-Zuma, Preliminart Report". In: ''Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean'', XVI (2004), pp. 389–399 * Obluski, Artur: "Remarks on a Survey of the Tumuli Field at El-Zuma". In: ''Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean'', XVI (2004), pp. 400–403 * Osypinska, Marta: "Animal Bones from the Excavations at Ez-Zuma". In: ''Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean'' XVI (2004), pp. 404–408 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zuma, Sudan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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